Wednesday, June 5, 2019

Literature Review on Stress and Stressors in Bangladesh

Literature Review on deform and underlineors in BangladeshA Critical Review on filter Scenario in BangladeshJannatul FerdousIntroductionStress is a disruptive physiological and psychological reaction to events that make us feel vulnerable. A certain amount of essay is a foreseeable part of life but acute stress can hinder our daily activities. It may causes disintegration of general health, frustrations, clinical depression, anxiety, hysteria, cardiovascular accidents, knock-down(a) aches and pains, insomnia, hypertension, high blood pressure, cancers, sexual dysfunctions, allergies and other mental disorders (Rahman et al., 2012).Childhood cancers are increasingly becoming a matter of growing apprehension. In Bangladesh, yearly 5000-6000 children conduct been developing different type of cancers. Diagnosis of a chronic disease like cancer or coronary heart disease (CHD), and its treatment has a massive impact on all feelings of a patients life, their acquaintances and famili es. Some clippings these may cause post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS) to the parents of the run intoer (Basher et al., 2012).Stress due to mental retardation is another significant area to focus. Parents experience epidemic physical and mental stress in the process of nurturing the mentally decelerate children (Islam, Shanaz, Farjana 2013). Socio-demographic factors play a crucial role in stress and coping mechanisms (Siddiqui, 2014). Psycho-education can be effectual in alleviating somatic symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and social dysfunction of exaggerate family members or caregivers at a greater percent period (Ara Chowdhury, 2014).There are just about contradictory in research findings about the impact of age, sex, occupation, education, type of family, socio-economical billet on stress. Differences in the design, sample and measures used in those studies also exist.The aim of this critical review is to understand the stress scenario in Bangladesh, their strengths and we akness in general. manner of ReviewA critical review was applied to explore the stress scenario in Bangladesh. In order to find out the appropriate published publications for the current review, available journals for psychological research Bangladesh Psychological Journal, Dhaka University Psychological Journal, Dhaka University Journal of Biological Science, and Google Scholar, were consulted. The key words used in this literary works search were stress, education, psychology and Bangladesh. A number of studies were initially found, but not all were appropriate for this review. Finally, a total of 5 master copy and most applicable published articles were incorporated for the review. These articles reflected studies conducted only in Bangladesh. Table 1 shows the studies with necessary information such as sample size, design, variables, and data analysis techniques.Table 1. Descriptions of the take apartResultsStress and Cancer Cardiac PatientsRahman et al. (2012) investigate d the attitude toward stress of cancer and cardiac patients. They found that both cancer and cardiac patients denotative high stress attitudes as compared to normal individuals. Regardless of gender and SES, cancer patients expressed higher stress attitude. In spite of type of individual and SES, female patients expressed higher stress attitude than their male counterparts that is partially supported by Islam et al. (2013). They also found that frown middle SES subjects expressed higher stress attitudes than speeding middle SES subjects despite of type of individual and gender which are consistent with the findings of Havik et al. (1986).Childhood Cancer Parents StressBasher et al. (2012) assessed the intensity of stress of the parents with a child anguishing from cancer. Their study may attempt to assess psychological misery and post traumatic stress reactions among the parents. They found leukemia in the highest frequency among all age groups of the sufferers. About 63.8% of the parents had surely affected, 6.7% had severely affected due to the cancers of their children. 21.8% of the middle class parents (6-10 class educated, 31-40 years of age) with one child suffering from cancer in between 7-12 months, at the time of assessment, were found certainly and severely suffering from post traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS). These findings are partially supported by Siddiqui (2014).Mental Retardation Parents StressIn a study, Islam et al. (2013) found that parents of children with mental retardation (PCMR) shared greater stress score than the parents of children with no mental retardation (PCNR). Mental stress score was importantly higher among PCMR. Moreover, mothers had significantly higher mental stress score than the fathers of mentally retarded children that is partially in consonance with the findings of Rahman et al. (2012) which indicated that female patients were more exaggerated in coping with stress than their male counterpart. Parents shared more mental stress than physical stress which was supported by Gupta, 2010. plainly the overall study suffers from fitting generalizations due to convenient selections of schools.Socio-demographic Profile of Families StressSiddiqui (2014) assessed the relation between various socio-demographic variables of families with mentally retarded children and stress. He found that mild to severe stress was sensed by the families of mental retardation. None of the families showed very severe stress.No statistical significance was found between family stress and affected childrens age, sex. Rahman et al. (2012) also account no relation between stress and the sufferers gender. This may be due to rising information resources and amend in social attitude. But in a study Peshwaria (1995) have indicated significantly greater impact on parents due to having a girl retarded child. As regards the age of the child, some studies have shown land age of the retarded child to have significant relation wi th stress (Upadhyaya et al., 2008), while Peshwaria (1995) have shown more psychosomatic problems as the age of their child increases.In this study, no significant relation was found between childs severity of retardation and stress in the families that is supported by Upadhyaya et al. (2008). But Pisula Gorska (2002) indicated that parents of severe and profoundly retarded children have higher stress.Except maternal education, there were no significant relations between stress and mothers and fathers demographic variables. The reason behind the significant association of stress with maternal education may be because educated mothers can better understand the clinical aspect of their childs condition. This is consistent with findings of Behari (1995).Another finding of this study is that stress is not significantly related with the family variables (nuclear/joint family, SES, presence of sibling). In contrast, Rahman et al. (2012) found that lower middle SES subjects expressed sign ificantly higher stress attitude. Hornby (1994) shows that grandparental support decreases stress. Moreover, no significant difference was found in families with or without presence of siblings. But lower stress is reported by Leyser (1990) for higher number of siblings.Psycho-education StressAra Chowdhury (2014) investigated the impact of psychoeducational intrusion for care givers of children with autism. They found that care givers, who acknowledge psychoeducational interventions, showed significant decline in the score of mental health commotion on the GHQ28 except severe depression than those who did not. That means psychoeducational intervention is effective in training the care givers to handle their children and in enhancing their quality of life. It may also be just to deal with cancer cardiac patients, mentally retarded children.ConclusionsAccessible literature on stress reports mixed evidence. In the first two studies, purposive sample distribution technique was used , and data of cancer and cardiac patients were collected from different honest sources. So, research findings can be generalized for entire population of our country. Purposive take technique was also used for collecting data from two special schools of autism of Dhaka city in the last study. But the other two studies suffer from adequate generalization due to convenient sampling.Further ample studies are needed to conduct with a representative sample to determine more reliable information. Both prospective and retrospective studies are required to enumerate the incidence and prevalence of unfavorable consequences in delegate allies of survivors. Information about achievable late-effects and psychological supports need to be provided by the treatment care providers to the parents and survivors (Sloper, 2000). Familial support, social support, positive emotional regulation, self help networks etc. act as defensive shield during times of crisis. Apposite program may be facilitated to help people managing crisis and their stresses.ReferencesAra, J., Chowdrury, K. U. A. (2014, January). Impact of psycho-education on care giversmental health and perceived stress of children with autism. Dhaka University Journal ofBiological Science, 23(1), 39-45.Basher, M. A. R., Karim, M. R., Sultana, N., Hossain, K. J., Kamal, M. M. (2012). Parentsstress in childhood cancer. Bangladesh aesculapian Journal, 41(1).Behari, R. (1995). The maternal attitude- Child rearing link for mentally retarded children A case study. Disabilities and Impairments, 9, 44-51.Gupta, R. K., Kaur, H. (2010). Stress among Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability.Asia Pacific Disab. Rehab, 21(2), 119- 126.Havik, O. E., Maeland, J. G. (1986). Dimensions of verbal denial in myocardial infarction.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 27, 326-339.Hornby, G., Ashworth, T. (1994). Grandparents support for families who have children withdisabilities. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 3, 403-412 .Islam, M. Z., Shanaz, R., Farjana, S. (2013, January). Stress among parents of children withmental retardation. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 12(1).Leyser, Y., Deckel, G. (1990). Stress in Parents of Mentally Challenged Children. The Journalof Psychology,125(4), 251-254.Peshwaria, R. (1995). Understanding Indian Families having Persons with Mental Retardation.National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped (NIMH), Secundrabad.Pisula, E., Gorska, S. (2000). The childs apt disability and the parents marital quality.Studia Psychologiczne, 40, 87-106.Rahman, A., Ara, S., Haque, E., Shahrier, A. (2012). Attitude towards stress of cancer andcardiac patients. Journal of Life Earth Science, 7, 33-41.Siddiqui, A. F. (2014, October). Socio-demographic profile of families with mentally retardedchildren and its relation to stress. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science, 13(4).Sloper, P. (2000). Predictors of distress in parents of children with cancer a prospective study.Journal o f pediatric Psychology, 25(2), 79-91.Upadhyaya, G. R., Havalappanavar, N.B. (2008). Stress in Parents of the Mentally ChallengedJournal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34, 53-59.

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