How Corruption Varies With Culture - 2982 Words

Corruption varies with culture Introduction Mr. Biswas, Mr. Lee and Mr. Lai are the natives of different countries. While doing business they face various difficulties due to corruption. It is hard to understand the practice of tipping in discrete cultures. In their country, organizations have to pay bribe in form of money or gift to the government officials to get their work done in an appropriate time to get the advantage over their competitors as well as to reduce their tax burdens. But due to difference in culture norms and values it is complicated to say that which activity is considered as immoral, unethical or illegal. Q-1) Corruption means actions taken to get personal benefits by providing goods and services secretly or†¦show more content†¦Hence, in some other countries organizations want the purchasing agent to deal with their companion or friends due to strong level of trust. He doesn’t even check their financial information, as they believe that it will disrespect others (Hooker 2003). Tipping refers to giving money as a gift to the workers with a good intention or when satisfied with the services provided by them (Lynn 1988). As Pearl (1985) states that consumers gives tips more then $9 billion annually in US. These tips are given mostly to those people who provide services such as bartenders, hairdressers, bellhops, designers, taxi drivers, delivery person (Star 1988). Tipping is an interesting form of consumer behavior and a major economic activity. Tipping in the private sector is a form of corruption as Eicher (2005) illustrates three criteria’s (a) The payment is optional and not compulsory (b) The size of payment can be bargained (c) Trust and social contract has not been broken. As, corruption contravenes all three conditions but tipping doesn’t as it is largely depend on social norms and customs. It is done due to various reasons- getting good services from the worker during future encounters (Bodvarsson and Gibson 1988), wish for social approval (Crespi 1947), a desire to payback for their work (Holloway 1985) and also for the sake of maintaining their status (Scott

Postcolonial Discourse in Wide Sargasso Sea Essay - 624 Words

Postcolonial Discourse in Wide Sargasso Sea In Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys confronts the possibility of another side to Jane Eyre. The story of Bertha, the first Mrs Rochester, Wide Sargasso Sea is not only a brilliant deconstruction of Brontà «s legacy, but is also a damning history of colonialism in the Caribbean. The story is set just after the emancipation of the slaves, in that uneasy time when racial relations in the Caribbean were at their most strained. Antoinette (Rhys renames her and has Rochester impose the name of Bertha on her when their relationship dissolves) is descended from the plantation owners, and her father has had many children by negro women. She can be accepted neither by the negro community nor by the†¦show more content†¦His betrayal of her is set up before he recieves the information from Daniel Cosway. Rhys negotiates with Brontes text. As an already canonical text, the merging of Antoinettes fate into that of Berthas is inevitable, but Rhys allows us to interpret the fate of Antoinette differently by having the ending open. Antoinette dreams of the fire and leap to her death, but the novel ends with her resolution to act rather than a description of her death or an exact repetition of Brontes words. Thus the possibility of a different fate for Rhyss character is left intact. The more recent text can be said to have an influence on the earlier text and to extend its possibilities. The character of Christophine is important as a site of alternative power. Christophine forces Rochester to recognise her as the holder of judicial authority and she reduces him to mimicry of her words as he admits that her words echoed in his head. This is a reversal of the normal coloniser/colonised role where, according to Bhabha and Fanon, the colonised is a mere parrot who must come to terms with the master discourse of the metropolitan centre. The source of Christophines power is obeah (see Voodoo) and she is central to the narrative action, as Antoinette calls to her at the end of the novel to release her form the zombie-like state to which Rochester has reduced her. The desire to rewrite the master narratives of WesternShow MoreRelatedBeing the Meat in the Sandwich: Implications of the double colonisation of empire and patriarchy by the female characters in Wide Sargasso Sea2201 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the many ways that postcolonial literature accomplishes the task of challenging the hegemony of western imperialism is through the use of a ‘canonical counter-discourse,’ a strategy whereby ‘a post-colonial writer takes up a character or characters, or the basic assumptions of a canonical text [where a colonialist discourse is developed directly or indirectly], and unveils [its colonialist] assumptions, subverting the text for post-colonial purposes’. (Tiffin, 1987) Such a revolutionary literaryRead MoreLiving through the Narrative: Antoinette’s Search for Herself in Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea1996 Words   |  8 PagesJean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) presents some of the complicated issues of postcolonial Caribbean society. Rhys’ protagonist, Antoinette Cosway, a white Creole in Jamaica, suffers racial antagonism, sexual exploitation and male suppression. She is a victim of a system, which not only dispossessed her from her class but also deprived her as an individual of any means of meaningful, independent survival and significance. However, Antoinette’s narrative perpetuates her agency and validates her questRead MoreOf mimicry and man1676 Words   |  7 PagesMan: The ambivalence of Colonial discourse’ Homi Bhabha explains the weaknesses of colonial discourse by suggesting that the techniques which ‘broadcast the dominance and impenetrability’ (Kumar-Das 1992:362) of the subject causes its weaknesses to arise. Bhabha makes a psychoanalytic analysis based on the work of Jacques Lacan and Frantz Fanon, among several authors. His definition of colonial mimicry takes the form of discussing the issues within colonial discourse whilst reflecting on his ownRead MoreWide Sargasso Sea Revisited: Elizabeth Nunez’s Bruised Hibiscus and Men Women Business 2035 Words   |  9 Pagescomplicated issues of female identity, oppression and quest for liberation in male centered postcolonial Caribbean society with strong resonances to Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea (1966). Nunez’s central characters Zuela and Rosa Appleton undergo a series of annihilation of their identities and exploitation and oppression from their husbands. By situating Rosa in a similar position as of Antoinette Cosway in Wide Sargasso Sea, Nunez creates yet another story of a Caribbean creole who suffers denial and becomesRead MoreRepresentation of the Other in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay4463 Words   |  18 Pagesnon-European subject within European frameworks which read his or her alterity as terror or lack’. (1995:83). It is important to note that meanings are constructed in and through systems of representation and they are mediated through dominant hegemonic discourses which can reproduce unequal social relations. Representation is a vital part of a process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture. It also produces cultural values and constructs identity. According to Hall,

Australian Accounting Standard Property Plant and Equipment

Question: Define the Australian Accounting Standard for Property Plant and Equipment. Answer: Executive Summary Every company working in an Industry should keep all the factors into consideration. The factors may be monetary or non monetary like earning higher profit margins or serving the customers with the best quality product service. Along with these factors the each and every company shall take interest of their stakeholders into consideration before proceeding towards any decision. It is due to the fact that the company can run only if the stakeholders are satisfied to the extent possible. Stakeholders includes not only the shareholders but also the customers, lenders including financial institutional and other financing companies, Government within the jurisdiction of whom the company has to operate and function, Employees of the company without whom the company cannot function, Suppliers of goods and services and competitors. Each and every stakeholder have different kind of their perspectives like shareholders look for the return on their equity, customers look for best product and se rvices with good quality and after sale service, government agencies including Income Tax Department, Sales Tax and Excise Department and other related agencies requires the compliance by companies with relevant legal statutes, rules and regulations made from time to time, lenders requires that the company should have goodwill in the market and the financial ratios of the company at any given point of time should be equivalent and at par with the norms set by the governing body of the lenders and employees wants to have association with the companies which have better prospects for growth and provides the platform on which the employees can build their career as per their level of satisfaction. Management includes the employees at the top level of an organization who are authorized to take decision. These decisions should be taken in an efficient and effective manner so as to cover all the concerns of the stakeholders of an organization. Its the property plant and equipment of the c ompany which helps in effective working of the organization. High value of assets will help in increasing the net worth of the company and which in turn increase the shareholders wealth of the company. Through this report the financial statement and position of the company given in the case study has been discussed and ways have been identified through which the company can work much better and comes up to the requirements of the stakeholders. Also this report will help in describing how the accounting shall be done in case of revaluation of property plant and equipment and enhances the principal issue in relation to the subsequent measurement of recognized asset. For the purpose of this report the primary data has been collected from the publications available at internet relating to Property, Plant and Equipment (Australian Accounting Standard 116) and effect of management decision on the interest of stakeholders of company. Other secondary resource includes economic magazines and other related sites. The report will start with the introduction of the case study, and then analysis will be made as per the given facts, and thereafter concluding paragraph will be cited along with pr oper recommendation. Introduction Property Plant and Equipment plays very vital role in the efficient working of an organization. Without their proper management and due care the company cannot work. Property plant and equipment means tangible assets which are used in production and in supply of goods and services, for the purpose of renting to others or for other related administrative purposes and which are expected to use for more than one year and which reaps benefits to the company for many years to come In the given case study of M/s Sha Maru Limited, the property plant and equipment is being measured through the Cost Model of measurement. The company is majorly worried about the stakeholders and concerned about the creation of goodwill of the company with better financial position. The current financial institutions from whom the company has taken loans and borrowings have stipulated ratios with the figures which shall be achieved by the company in all the ways. In order to achieve the ratios the revaluation m odel of the measurement has been suggested by the companys management. Then, the revaluation model requirements as mentioned in the Accounting Standard needs to be followed and shall be applied accordingly. In this report the companys management decision to revalue the property plant and equipment as on date by 25% of their value is discussed. This is the value which it would fetch in the market if sold. The decision is discussed with proper reference to the relevant accounting standard and stakeholder concepts. Analysis Any item under the head Property plant and equipment can be recognized an asset only if the cost of that item is easily measurable and secondly when there is high probability that the item will bring future economic benefits to the company for more years to come. Therefore, any item falling under the head Property plant and equipment shall be managed properly so that it can be utilized in an efficient manner. As per the current situation as on 30-06-2016, The company has total assets amounting to $35500000 and liabilities including short term and long term amounts to $20000000. The debt equity ratio comes out as 0.56 ( Debt / / Total Assets = $20000000 / $35500000). The company has earned Net Profit of $2000000. Expenses relating to tax and interest amounts to $250000 and $900000 respectively. The interest earned ratio is 3.5 (Interest Expense / Profit before Interest and Tax = $900000 / $3150000). The lender of the company has mentioned that the loan shall continue and lenders will cooperate only when the stipulated ratios are as per the norms. It includes Debt to Total Assets ratio to be less than 0.6 and Interest earned ratio to be greater than 3 times. It has also mentioned that the company will not pay any dividends in case interest earned ratio is less than 3 times. The company is up to the mark of the lenders as per the financial position as on 30-06-2016. But in order to serve the company better the companys management has decided to adopt revaluation model of measurement. As per the current cost model, the asset is measured at cost less amount of accumulated depreciation and the impairment losses if any. Revaluation Model on the other hand is the subsequent measurement model for Property plant and equipment in which asset is carried at an amount equal to the revalued amount, being the assets fair value, less the amount of subsequent depreciation and impairment losses if any. .In case the effect of revaluation is increase in the value of Property plant and equipment then the increase shall be recognized under the head Other Comprehensive Income and in the shareholders equity under the head Revaluation Surplus and the increase shall be adjusted in statement of profit and loss if in the earlier years decrease has been recognized. Other requirement of the revaluation Model includes the following: The revaluations of assets shall be done on regular basis in case where there is major difference between the carrying amount and fair value The intervals in the revaluation depend on the nature of the items. Volatile item may require frequent revaluations on annual basis and some requires three to five years. Revaluation shall be made for entire class of an asset and not for single item. Revaluation shall be made to the net carrying amount as on the reporting date. In the given case, 25% revaluation is expected in the value of Property, Plant and Equipment as on 30-06-2016. If the revaluation is done, then the Property plant and equipment will have value of $27500000 X 125% = $34375000. (The revaluation has been made assuming that all the assets belong to the same class). The amount of increase = $6875000 will be under equity under the head Revaluation Surplus. The amount of Long term and short term liabilities will not change and will be intact. Thus, considering the revalued figure in calculation of Debt to Total Assets ratio, the ratio will be 0.47 ($20000000 / $34375000). The ratio so arrived is better than the earlier one in accordance with the ratios stipulated by the lenders. On the other hand the company will be able to distribute dividends to the shareholders. This will be the difficult step for the company as the cost of implementation and compliances will increase. Secondly, the adjustment for depreciation due to revaluation model will bring hurdles but has to adopt with full compliance. It will help not only the lenders but also benefits the shareholders by having the increased net worth of the company and higher profits and thus increasing the earnings available for the shareholders. Its implication on the senior management will be positive. It is due to the fact that such transformation requires good governance and dedicated team efforts which the company have in full. Also it will create the reputation of the company in the market. The employees will also be more benefited as they are associated with such company which has undertaken such transformation and have better future prospects. Apart from benefiting the different stakeholders of the company, the company will have various options through which the share capital can be further raised. It may includes venture capital fund, private equity, funds through mergers and acquisitions, loans from different financial institutions on the revalued property plant and equipment, raising funds from public and Depository receipts. Thus, the change from cost model to revaluation model though difficult implementation and compliances but once adopted then it will provide benefits to the company in the future upcoming years. Conclusion Cost Model and Revaluation Model of measurement of Property Plant and Equipment have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the case study, the company requires the benefits and losses from Revaluation model of measurement if adopted so that the decision can be made in respect of the change from cost model of measurement to revaluation model. Both the models are separate and are good depending upon the circumstances and situations the company concerned is facing. Cost model considers the purchase cost of the asset whereas the revaluation model considers the fair value of an asset. The fair value may be the higher or lower which means revaluation may result in increase in the value of an asset or decrease in the value of asset. Accordingly the effect of increase or decrease will be added or subtracted from the Net Carrying amount of property plant and equipment and corresponding amount will be transferred to the revaluation reserve under the head equity. The accounting shift from cost model to revaluation model is challenging task but if its beneficial for the company then the company shall adopt the model. To conclude the above analysis, the revaluation model will make the financial position of the company strong in terms of ratios as well as in terms of payment of dividends to the shareholders and attracting new investors to increase the share capital. Recommendation From the above analysis of both the models Cost model and Revaluation model, revaluation model is recommended for the company to be adopted. It is because of two major reasons which the company is looking for. First one is that the debt equity ratio will become better under revaluation model then under cost model and second is that the companys interest earned ratio will also become better due to which the shareholder will have insight that the higher dividends will be paid and which in actual will be paid by the company. Because of higher value of total assets and lesser value of debt the company will have more and more options to raise more funds. Therefore, it is recommended to go for revaluation model. As any change cannot be done gradually, the company shall follow for few months the cost model until the fair value is received by the company as on reporting date from the qualified valuer. Once the values are locked than the accounting shift should be done. References Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB), 2010, Property Plant and Equipment available on https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB116_07-04_ERDRjun10_07-09.pdf accessed on 28/08/2016. IFRS (EU), 2009, IAS16 Property Plant and Equipment available on https://www.readyratios.com/reference/ifrs/ias_16_property_plant_and_equipment.html accessed on 29/08/2016. Friedrich B and Friedrich L, 2009, IAS 16 Property Plant and Equipment available on https://www.cga-pdnet.org/non_verifiableproducts/articlepublication/ifrs_e/ias_16.pdf accessed on 29/08/2016. Monday E, 2009, IAS 16 and the Revaluation Approach: Reporting Property, Plant and Equipment at fair value available on https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2297context=utk_chanhonoproj accessed on 29/08/2016.

The possibility of theatre to convey the meaning of a story Essay Example For Students

The possibility of theatre to convey the meaning of a story Essay Discuss ways in which Playwrights use the possibility of theatre to convey the meaning of a story  A: Playwrights can use the possibility of theatre very effectively to convey the meaning of stories. The book Kes was written by Barry Hines in the 1970s but was performed by a group of school students at Colley School, Sheffield in April 1974 who wanted to find a contemporary play that they could not only perform, but associate with themselves. Having read the novel, they were already able to sympathise with many of the situations and characters in the story of Kes. The book then became popular in 1976 when it was adapted into a film by Alan Stronach and the title changed from A Kestrel For A Knave to the simple title of Kes.  Barry Hines was a working class realist, he grew up in Barnsley and it is obvious that the ideas of this book come from his own experiences in Barnsley where times were hard and the best prospects for a childs future, were working down the pit. He used this book to get the message across of what a certain kind of life was really like. We will write a custom essay on The possibility of theatre to convey the meaning of a story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The way that he uses the possibility of theatre in the novel is very effective. Obviously there are some things that would be able to be used in film but not in theatre such as a live kestrel, music and quick effective scene changes. But, messages of hardship and sadness are more effective on stage because the audience feel closer to the actors as they are right in front of them in the flesh. There are many examples of stage directions used in the novel that show Hines intentions to make the scenes serious when performed on stage. For example, there are a lot of mentions of violence in this play where Hines has made it clear (using directions from the author) that the scene should not be funny but the message of sadness, yet reality be conveyed. In the first few lines of the story we see how the plot is going to unveil when we see the living conditions of Billy and his brother. It starts off telling us about how Billy and Jud are sharing the same bed and to most people, this fact is very shocking, and with this being the first line of the story, Hines has already captured our imaginations and surprised us with the plays open brutality. The violence shown by Jud and the lack of love for his brother are also very disturbing. Billy tries to be considerate to his brother by telling him that he is late for work but Jud reacts by telling Billy to shut up and ultimately, punches him! Billy then asks him to set the alarm for him but Jud plainly refuses and pulls the bedclothes off Billy. This is very shocking and with Hines play directions, it clearly shows how he wanted this point conveyed in a theatre by using plain and simple directions such as He thumps Billy, He pulls the bedclothes off Billy and He drains the teapot so that there is no tea left for Billy  This is only the first scene and already there are many disturbing aspects of the story and a theatre audience would probably not have expected to see these. Jud drains all the tea from the pot, leaving none for Billy and puts Billy down by saying that he is destined to work down the pit. Billy then drinks from the bottle of milk. This is only a small detail but is equally horrific. Audiences who are going to see a play normally want to be lost in a fantasy world where everything is perfect and everyone is happy, but this play comes as a surprise to them. Jud then steals Billys bike, which he well knows Billy needs for his paper round. It is in this first scene that we know that Billy has a harsh life if his own brother treats him like this. .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .postImageUrl , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:hover , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:visited , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:active { border:0!important; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:active , .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1 .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u749e8c26b540290a8235cf596992b4c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Change of will EssayThere is a big use of bad language in this play. People dont usually expect to hear such foul language at the theatre especially off young children. So, this ultimately leads to more shocking feelings by the audience, which we know, were Hines goal. The language used by Macdowalls mom when Billy calls for him to go bird watching is also very horrific. Billys own mother, toward him and Jud, uses more bad language and this is quite unbelievable as this is the one person you expect to set an example to Billy. The amount of people who are rude to Billy is quite vast. There doesnt seem a place for Billy to turn to where he can be treated equally and fairly. Not even his own mother, the one person you expect Billy to be able to turn to in a time of need, helps him. When Billy has discovered that Jud has killed the bird, he tries to hug his mother for affection. But, she pushes him away. Hines made it clear in his directions that when this part is to be performed, it is meant to be one of the most shocking parts of the play. Everyone is rude to Billy: Jud, Mr. Porter, his mother, Mrs. Macdowall, the Farmer, The Librarian, Mr. Gryce, Mr. Crossly, Anderson, Mr.Sugden and the Youth Employment Officer. But there is a reprieve for Billy. Mr. Farthing and the Milkman are the only people who seem to talk to Billy instead of talking down to him. Mr. Farthing is the first person to actually show an interest in him. He encourages Billy to show off his potential and the scene where he tells the class about Kes is remarkable. Mr. Farthing actually calls round to where Billy keeps Kes and watches him training him. The stage directions are very clear to make it out, as this scene is where Billy gets a break from the world is against him, and this is where he is actually wanted. This scene would be very effective on stage, as the audience would have a closer feeling of this scene with Billy. He even encourages Billy to state his opinions in things by asking him questions. This gives a happy feeling for the audience as they have already experienced Billys pain and now that he is actually happy, so are they.