Four Procedures Commonly Used in Refractive Eye Surgery Essay examples

Four Procedures Commonly Used in Refractive Eye Surgery One of the first things put on in the morning and one of the last things taken off in the evening, glasses and contacts play a large part in the everyday lives of those who depend upon them to see clearly. These two types of corrective lenses allow for clearer vision, but glasses and contacts are also inconvenient. Sports, especially contact sports, are more difficult to play when glasses get in the way or break. For those who can wear them, contacts are an improvement over glasses; wearing contacts for 18 hours a day, however, is not healthy for the contacts or the eyes. Therefore, other methods are desired to correct vision. Ophthalmologists have long dreamed of equipment and techniques to permanently correct refractive problems. For more than 100 years, doctors have been exploring the use of surgery to reduce or eliminate patient's dependence on glasses and contacts ["Refractive," 1997]. This dream came true with the introduction of refractive surgical techniques for the correction of myopia and astigmatism. In refractive surgery, various micro-surgical procedures are used to re-shape the front surface of the cornea. Four main refractive eye procedures are clinically being studied: radial keratectomy (RK), automated lamellar keratoplasty (ALK), photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), and laser in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK). These four common procedures in refractive eye surgery will be compared and contrasted while taking into account the limitations of comparison such as the patient and the extent of the correction needed. Function of the Eye The human eye is a complex organ with a primary function of focusing light on the retina to provide the sense of sight f... ...ctive and Corneal Surgery (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1996), pp. 10-120. "Laser Eye Center," http://www.lasereyecenter.com/ (Madison: University of Wisconsin, November 1997). McFadden, Murray, Dr. "Laser Eye Surgery, PRK, LASIK," http://www.prk.com/ (Madison: University of Wisconsin, November 1997). Raeburn, Paul, "Keep Your Eye on the Laser," Business Week (30 September 1996), p. 40. "Refractive Surgery Frequently Asked Questions," http://www.isrs.org/library/faq (Madison: University of Wisconsin, November 1997). Sanders, Donald, Radial Keratotomy (Thorofare: SLACK Incorporated, 1984), pp. 1-16. Sulting, Dr., "Laser In-situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)," http://www.emory.org/vision_correction/ (Madison: University of Wisconsin, November 1997). "Understanding Laser Vision Correction," pamphlet (USA: The Laser Center Inc., 1997), pp. 7-43.

A Look at Russell Baker’s “Work in Corporate America”

Russell Baker shows his apparent disdain for the modern American workplace in his short essay â€Å"Work in Corporate America†. Obviously, the man is unhappy with how the U.S. economy has progressed. He pines for the days when a child could put his father’s profession into concrete, understandable terms.And, for some reason—which he does not enumerate—he is convinced that jobs which consist of utilizing cerebral skills one developed in college are â€Å"junk†. Baker disparages those who do â€Å"market research† or work in â€Å"public relations†, yet he never gives the reason why he despises these fields.The paper turns into nothing more than a litany against those who perform these cerebral based jobs.   Ã‚   It seems that he would prefer to see the American workforce slaving over a hot furnace making horseshoes or in textile factories making jeans rather than in business suits reclining in air-conditioned offices. In fact, the iro ny of this piece is that Baker is disgusted by a society where paper is the primary means of tangible work, but he, himself, is a writer, making a living in the same exact way that he mocks others for making a living.If his own child asked him what he did for a living, Baker could show him nothing more than his own piece of paper with words and corrections on it.Now, Baker’s point that America has moved away from specific hard and fast job descriptions and towards more ambiguous trades is 100 percent accurate. The fact that for an adult, and certainly a child, to imagine selling space or doing market is difficult to wrap your head around is definitely valid.Baker also performs an excellent job portraying the communications between those who work in corporate America. He shows that human interaction on the telephone—the so-called â€Å"meeting of the minds†Ã¢â‚¬â€is what drives the modern economy.Looking at Baker’s perspective and our current corporate ec onomy, the author’s work accurately portrays that system, as well. Those, who have trained their minds and developed a skill, use of numbers and the written word to perform their work. But, Baker fails to mention in this essay is that there are still laymen. But, they are fewer, and no one wishes to do backbreaking work when they can, instead, sit in an air-conditioned office and earn twice as much. Now, I would call that progress.

Relationship and School Community Essay

Method While keeping in mind Mai’s method for determining subjects, I read the article â€Å"Care, Concern, and Communication† by Susan Pickford. I chose Mai’s conception because Wilson leaves out one major method of indexing that could be named user-oriented method (Mai, 2000). The basic idea of user-oriented method is that the indexer needs to have the user’s information needs and terminology in mind when determining the subject matter of the document as well as when selecting index terms for the document. It suggests that the indexer should have knowledge about the user’s needs to determine the subject matter. Mai argues 5 methods in indexing. First one is a simplistic conception similar to Wilson’s (1968) constantly referred to method. This method determines the subject by counting frequencies of occurrences of words in the document so it could be the most objective method. The problem is that there is not necessarily any correlation between occurrences of words in a document and its content. Second method is a document-oriented conception. The basic idea is that the indexer should establish the subject matter solely based on an analysis of the document itself; the goal is to represent the document as truthfully as possible and ensure the subject representation is valid for a long time. Third method is a content-oriented conception attempts to describe the content of the document as fully as possible. This conception shows historical and cultural circumstances that determine the subject matter of the documents. Fourth one is a user-oriented conception mentioned in above paragraph. Last one is a requirement-oriented conception. In this method, the indexers have knowledge about the users’ individual information needs and work tasks. It is only useful in smaller organizations and indexing done by this method, like a user-oriented conception, changes over time. Subject Description The article is about Jane Roland Martin’s argument for the SchoolHome, an idea of making the school home away from home. In this system, school children would be taught the three C’s: care, concern and communication and thus their education would be inclusive, merging intellectual with the heart. The result: the epidemic of violence would be reduced and the domestic vacuum in children’s lives filled for good. Derived Indexing Children of the ‘90s are a content-oriented concept that describes historical and cultural context in which the document is produced. Without using Children of the ‘90s in the subjects of the document one would lose context for the article, so it is important to include the article for understanding. It is possible to find documents like children’ education influenced by social conditions or changes of ‘90s. Domestic Vacuum in Children’s Lives is a user-oriented concept that is the foundation of the article and would be accessible from this common phrase or variations thereof (e. g. , â€Å"domestic vacuum†, â€Å"live* vacuum†, and â€Å"child* live*† using wildcards for the greatest number of matches for the concept). Schoolhome is essentially a simplistic and document-oriented concept that serves an identifier for the article in the most general way while it does not describe the content of the article. This term would be especially useful in finding such things as case studies or curriculum examples for Schoolhome. Rethinking Schools for Changing Families is an excellent term that touches slightly on all of Mai’s conceptions. While it is the book title of Jane Ronald Martin, in its various wildcard combinations is a simple general term, reflects the article’s content, and speaks to the more specialized non-expert and expert subject areas that are brought up with School, Changing, and Families. Transforming American Education is a document-oriented term that helps to focus the search to the overarching concepts that are touched on in Children of the ‘90s, Domestic Vacuum in Children’ Lives, Schoolhome, and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families. The document types that American Education points to vary from the basic to the expert, making it a very good lynch pin-term. Free Indexing Although the derived terms above do a good job in reflecting the ideas in the article, some additional terms may include: Social Context for Children Education, which brings in Education and children, but Social Context is a broader, less expert phrase than containing ‘90s and domestic vacuum terms. Philosophy of Children Education, which gives as sense of the article, but the word Philosophy may not be an obvious children education search term. School and Home in United States, which is akin to schoolhome. Schoolhome would also be a good derived term, but this is slightly more nominative than descriptive. Moreover, using United States as an example gives geographical criteria to indexing term. Family School Relationship expands on Children Education with relationship between Family and School. It also broadens the scope by detailing what the school reform would be about. School Reform is a good term that points the search in the direction of planning and results for Transforming American Education. These 5 free- indexed terms would all be in Mai’s user and requirement areas, since some of the terms might be meaningful to those experts enough to think of using jargon as search terms. Assigned Indexing (ERIC) Educational Change: I found that â€Å"education† was a better term over â€Å"school† for â€Å"reform†, but feel that my subject terms School Reform and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families are still appropriate in that they speak to individual schools (as in a study), although in the grand schema of the database it does not help to split hairs. In ERIC, education reform was educational change (as of 1996, although â€Å"reform† is still commonly used in society) and the contents regarded modification of things such as curriculum and teaching methods, which matches the article. Educational Philosophy: It is a good match, in that reflects the article’s context and themes. Social Environment: It means â€Å"social factors or conditions that influence individuals or groups†. It is a broader phrase than Social Context for Children Education. Family School Relationship: It has a placeholder for it but no information (i. e. , no related terms, but I take it to be a viable indexing entry). It is also used for school home relationship. School Community Relationship: It means â€Å"formal or informal interactions between an educational institution and the surrounding community†, which matches the article. I believe â€Å"brand names† like Domestic Vacuum in Children’s Live, Children of the ‘90s, Schoolhome, and Rethinking Schools for Changing Families do not have much use in the thesaurus, but the variations of Social Environment, Educational Philosophy, Family School Relationship, and School Community do an excellent job in representing the subject, derived and free terms above. Although I see where my subject analysis was too narrow in some places I am leaving the term â€Å"as-is† (except for â€Å"education reform† for â€Å"school reform†, which is not much of a trade seeing how it is actually â€Å"change†) to show the evolution of the indexing process in the assignment and in my mind. To revise my analysis would be like looking in the back of the textbook to do my homework. 6. 7. Compare, Contrast and Justification When I compared the derived and free indexing terms I selected with the descriptors in the ERIC thesaurus I was surprised by the number of them that were not in the ERIC thesaurus. In a few cases there was a close term, but for most there was nothing. This furthered my understanding of not only how challenging it is to select subjects for indexing, but how much harder it would be when faced with a controlled vocabulary. For the most part only the very narrow ‘generic’ subjects were listed in the thesaurus, the more descriptive terms were not. In two cases terms I selected actually has a better term in the thesaurus, such as my choice of School Reform compared to the ERIC thesaurus descriptor Educational Change. The thesaurus does a service to the search process by training the indexer to be as strategic as possible in boiling down the essential terms or concepts of an article. My derived and free terms were no less accurate than the assigned terms, because author Susan B. Pickford was writing with an audience in mind and used the â€Å"brand names† to illustrate her article. ERIC is invaluable in not only framing the terminology commonly used for subjects, but also gives the searcher context, such as what the current term used to be, along with a date of the change. This makes research interesting as an historical concept, and seeing how improvements have been made over the years, it helps to sharpen the indexer’s ear for the best possible match (e. g. , â€Å"education† in lieu of â€Å"school,† â€Å"change† instead of â€Å"reform†). As author Stephen Nachmanovich wrote, â€Å"Creativity exists more in the searching than in the finding. † However, in being creative as an indexer, you help the searcher in finding things where he wouldn’t normally have considered looking.

Prenatal Care Essays

Prenatal Care Essays Prenatal Care Paper Prenatal Care Paper It is very important that you begin your prenatal care early, and continue this care regularly throughout your pregnancy. You want to give your baby a healthy start in life. You also want to make sure that you stay healthy, too. Your health, and your babys health, are closely tied together. When you are pregnant, everything you do can have an effect on your baby. That is why it is important to see your doctor as soon as you think you might be pregnant and then to continue with regular visits once the diagnosis is confirmed. Throughout your pregnancy, your doctor will perform a number of tests and procedures to make sure both you and baby are doing fine. You will also be given advice on how to take care of yourself so your baby will be born in the best possible health. This means eating plenty of dairy products, meat, fresh vegetables and fruits, and whole grain breads and cereals, and limiting your intake of fat, cholesterol and salt. During pregnancy, your body requires more of certain nutrients such as calcium and iron. Your doctor may recommend a supplement if you are not getting enough from your diet. By the end of your pregnancy, you should only have gained in the range of 20 to 35 pounds. It is also very important not to or take any that have not been! approved by your doctor. Many women continue to exercise during most of their pregnancy; however, it is important to check with your doctor first to decide on an exercise program that is right for you. During the first visit, you will be asked for details about your complete medical history, including medical conditions, surgeries, past pregnancies and habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol. You will have a complete physical as well, with examination of the heart, lungs and breasts in addition to a Pap smear and pelvic exam. The doctor may order tests to rule out sexually transmitted diseases. You will need to give samples of blood for tests to assess your blood type and blood count, to see whether you have hepatitis or HIV, and to check whether you are immune to rubella. Additional testing may be done depending on your history. In addition to the routine blood work with the first visit, blood tests are done between 16-20 weeks and again at 28 weeks. The former is an optional test to screen for neural-tube defects such as spina bifida and Down syndrome. a repeat blood count to check for anemia. Depending on your age or a family history of certain birth defects, y! ou may be offered genetic testing (CVS or amniocentesis) early in the pregnancy. Subsequent exams are usually every four weeks until your 28th week of pregnancy, then every two weeks until your 37th week. After that, you will be seen weekly. Most of these visits involve checking your weight and blood pressure and testing your urine for protein and sugar. The doctor will listen to the babys heartbeat and measure your uterus, the size of the uterus in centimeters should equal the weeks of pregnancy. She will ask how you are feeling, whether the baby is moving and whether you are experiencing any problems such as cramping, bleeding, headaches or excessive swelling. You should write down any questions you have and ask them each visit. During the last few weeks of pregnancy, your doctor may wish to do a pelvic exam to see if your cervix has begun to dilate The education about what is good for babies and what is harmful, that mothers miss when they dont get the earliest possible care is very critical. If you do not receive any maternity care then you are putting yourself and your baby at serious risks and future problems. Remember, what you do while you are pregnant can effect the rest of your childs life.

Most popular places across the globe

Most popular places across the globe 6 most visited countries in the world You can be a fan of man-made wonders and love nature from the distance, but you will certainly take these sights into account next time you are planning your journey abroad. With powerful economics and growing tourist sector, they are sure to remain major visiting spots anytime you book a ticket. Thailand. Crystal clear water, sandy beaches and palm trees make Thailand a delectable destination for tourists, who are looking for some kind of adventure. Temples of ancient Hindu and Buddhist gods are everywhere, and you can get your fair share of spiritual experience by visiting one of the local museums and archeological sites. What is more, Thai people are usually very generous and welcoming towards visitors, flooding their country annually, and the main sites will expect more than 100 million tourists the next year. United Kingdom. Despite political inconveniences that have been occurring in the capital of the UK lately and have caused major backlash from the country’s leading parties, London still remains one of the most visited cities in the world. Its multinational community, combined with eccentric British taste, won’t leave you cold, and the rainy local weather will remind you of the days when Arthur Conan Doyle wrote his masterpieces. The old school style and thriving night life make the country a hot spot for tourists, who are looking for a good adventure and a touch of history. Germany. Apart from being loved by its own people, Germany attracts millions of tourists every year. Some say the reasons are simple: it is not only an affordable destination, but also one of the safest. Germany has the lowest criminal rate among European countries and can boast employment opportunities for students, who want to combine profit and leisure. Foreigners love the country for its natural resources as well, distinguishing protected areas like the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and the Jasmund National Park. Italy. Many people confess they dream of visiting Italy on a daily basis. With its renowned Mediterranean cuisine and lazy, laid-back Southern lifestyle, this country steadily becomes one of the most desirable in terms of tourism. For those, who would like to bathe in the sun and listen to the waves, crashing on the shore, Italy will be undoubtedly a holiday destination of a century. Luxurious hotels and historical sites in cities like Florence, Venice and Milan have a culture of their own and welcome visitors from around the world. If you are in love with the Renaissance period and art history, you will be delighted to explore the sights that include Colosseum and Roman Forum. Moreover, a guide will always be near to show you around, and even if you do not speak the language, locals are normally friendly towards foreigners. China. You may have heard about the Great Wall of China, but do you know there is a lot more to this country than meets the eye? Other fantastic destinations include the Shaolin Temple, the Huangguoshu Waterfall and the Forbidden City, a romantic and ghostly spot right in the middle of the country, where east and west meet. We cannot speak for all the tourists across the globe, but the majority of those, who ever visited China, said it was the most groundbreaking experience of their lifetime. Not only does this country preserve old traditions and honors the gods of their ancestors, it also resembles a perfect mixture of ancient and contemporary, a combination, thrilling for any traveler with experience. United States. On a global scale, the USA stands second to none in terms of tourism and tourist attractions. Its main destinations are the Grand Canyon, Hawaiian beaches and lagoons with crystal clear water. Educational tourism is a main source of income in more than thirty states, and Hawaiian summers bring millions of dollars to the national treasury. With this number steadily growing, America can be proudly named one of the most popular countries for travelers and adventure-seekers across the globe.

Sexual harrassment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual harrassment - Essay Example The victim-blaming, the apathy, the indifference, and sometimes contempt and hostility women face from police, from family members, from teachers, from hospital personnel, and from judges and juries are informed by women's social identities, locations, and histories. The mostly negative responses to women who experience violence are often as hurtful as the incidents because they reinforce the messages that women are to blame, that women deserve to be abused, that women accept oppression, and that women are unworthy of social justice. Sexual harassment is defined as "unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature" (Dobrich 2002, p. 4). It is common for female employees to be subjected to unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Although not illegal per se, such behavior is illegal when it is used by managers and supervisors to decide whether to hire or fire someone; when it is used to determine pay, promotion, or job assignment; and when it creates a hostile, or offensive work environment. "Examples of verbal harassment could include sexual comments, suggestions, jokes, or innuendos; nonverbal harassment could include suggestive looks, leering, or ogling; and physical harassment could include accidentally brushing against someone's body, 'friendly' pats, squeezes or pinches, and forced exual relations" ( Webb, 1981, p. 5 cited Howard 2007, p. 7). In the last thirty years, the feminist struggle to end sexual harassment against women has sought to creat e language to describe, to protest, and to transform the conditions of our lives. Activists created and redefined terms such as "battered woman, " "wife battering, " and "sexual harassment, " among others, to clarify the social and political ramifications of interpersonal/institutional violence against women. Yet this language often gets incorporated into a social landscape that pathologizes women rather than critically analyzes the social underpinnings of the violence. As bell hooks says of the term "battered woman" (Vivian and Pharm 1998). Signs of sexual Harassment Sexual harassment involves the victimization, the isolation, the lack of support, the pain of betrayal, or the despair of battery and rape in women's lives. Women continue to live in communities where intimate, intragroup abuse and violence are not recognized and it's necessary to describe their painful realities. If we are in denial of the ways in which we have been victimized, then personal change and social transformation are impossible. Speaking out about the harm done and labeling the experiences as battering, rape, incestuous assault, and/or attempted murder are essential components of healing, recovery, self-determination and social change (Howard 2007). However, identifying women who've experienced abuse as only or predominantly victims and survivors of abuse, violence, battering, and rape eventually reinforces our status as victims by reducing us to what someone else did to us. When we only describe the individual damage to each other and when we solely seek validation and s upport for the individual pain endured, it can lead to depression and despair (MacKinnon 2003).

Issue 9&10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue 9 - Assignment Example The article further argues for an alternative point of view, which is not seeing the concept of effective leadership as gender-oriented instead of competency-oriented (Rao, 2012). HRM experts in companies who have set up opportunities for both men and women to debate serious leadership qualities have assisted them to grow into successful leaders. The representation of women as business leaders in numerous patriarchal cultures is skewed unequally. Issue 9 also includes a response from Ann Pomeroy, who essentially argues that yes, women make better business leaders than men. According to Pomeroy, organizations such as Safeway are making substantial progress in ensuring gender diversity in leading positions (Rao, 2012). Safeway’s diversity approach entails efficient communication, initiatives that concentrate on growing leadership skills, mentoring, and matching work and personal lives. A negative response by Herminia Ibarra and Otilia Obodaru is included in Issue 9, which contends that the assumption that women are underrepresented in leadership roles within organizations is wrong statistically. Ibarra and Obodaru used all-round evaluations for data gathered for five years and discovered that women in fact outdid men in many leadership degrees measured, despite them scoring lower than men did on â€Å"envisioning† (Rao, 2012). Issue 10 questions the existence of the glass ceiling in United States businesses (Rao, 2012). While also using report statistics to support this argument, this article compares their deductions. For instance, Issue 10 suggests that statistics are misleading because women still deal with invisible limits to grow into leaders in their respective professions. Reasons women face these invisible constraints include family responsibilities, career disruptions, inadequate socialization at work through old boys’ network, inability to relocate for career reasons, and an organization’s lack of stable